Transformation of Sentences (Simple to Complex to Simple)
প্রয়োজনীয় কিছু কথা-
Transformation এর নিয়মগুলো বুঝার জন্যে clause এবং phrase সম্পর্কে ধারণা থাকা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। (((Clause এবং phrase এর ধারনা পেতে এখানে ক্লিক করুন)))। Clause এবং phrase এর মধ্যে প্রধান পার্থক্য হচ্ছে - একটি clause এ একটি verb থাকে আর একটি phrase এ কোন verb থাকে না. phrase এ participle, gerund, infinitive, ইত্যাদি থাকলেও কোন verb থাকে না. simple sentence এ সাধারণত একটি clause এবং একটি phrase থাকে।
কিন্তু complex এবং compound sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত দুইটি clause থাকে অর্থ্যাৎ দুইটি verb থাকে। সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি verb থাকে।
Complex - If you study well, you will pass. (Two clauses, two verbs)
Simple – By studying well, you will pass. (One phrase, one clause, and one verb. এখানে study কে present participle বানিয়ে দেয়া হয়েছে যাতে প্রথম clause টা ভেঙ্গে একটা phrase বানানো যায়, কারণ simple sentence এ একটা clause তথা একটাই verb থাকতে পারবে।)
Complex sentences have some particular connectors which connect the two clauses. The connectors for complex sentences are: -
Before, after, till, until, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as soon as, so that, on condition that, and provided that.
Note: Complex to simple এবং simple to complex করার জন্যে complex sentence এর connectors গুলির functions সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত ধারণা থাকা প্রয়োজন।
Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের জন্যে simple sentence এর একটা clause কে ভেঙে অথবা নতুন শব্দ যোগ করে দুইটা clause তৈরি করতে হবে। সেই দুইটি clause কে যোগ করতে হবে উপরোক্ত connectors গুলো ব্যবহার করে। এর জন্যে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মগুলোর বাইরেও অনেকভাবে simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায় এবং সবগুলো নিয়মেরই ব্যতিক্রম নিয়ম আছে।
Simple to Complex এর জন্য নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে -
Rule 1:
If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence, expand that phrase to make a clause. Then choose a suitable connectors to connect the clauses. Phrase টিকে clause এ রূপান্তর করার জন্যে একটি verb আনতে হবে এবং যদি subject না থাকে তাহলে একটা subject ও আনতে হবে।
Example:
Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped making noise.
এই sentence টিতে phrase হচ্ছে ‘Seeing the teacher’। এই phrase এ seeing কে সহজেই verb বানানো যায়। আর যেহেতু এই sentence এর subject একটাই সেহেতু আমরা একই subject ব্যবহার করবো।
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students stopped making noise.
Transformation এ tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না। তাই আমরা seeing কে saw বানিয়েছি। দুটি clause এ subject যেহেতু একই, তাই একটিতে pronoun ব্যবহার করতে হবে। তারপর উপযুক্ত একটি connector বাছাই করতে হবে। এ ধরনের sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে একের অধিক connector ও থাকতে পারে এবং সব গুলোই সঠিক।
The complex sentence could be:
As the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
The students stopped making noises when they saw the teacher.
যদি clause এবং phrase এর subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হয়, তাহলে দুই clause এর জন্যে দুই subject থাকবে।
Example:
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill.
Rule 2:
If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.
Example:
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি noun, তাই এই clause টি একটি noun clause .
More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
(Note: Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে extra একটি verb আনা যাবে।)
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
For words that are adjectives, you have to make an adjective clause.
Example:
Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
এখানে outstanding শব্দটি একটি adjective এবং এই শব্দ কে কেন্দ্র করেই একটা clause তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.
For words that are adverbs, you have to make an adverb clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that heavy bag.
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can finish the work.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of liberation war.
Rule 3:
কিছু কিছু phrase কে clause এ রূপান্তর করে complex sentence তৈরি করার জন্যে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম রয়েছে। সেগুলো হল –
Because of = clause + because/as/since + clause.
Example:
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill.
Or, I could not do it as I was ill.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.
Rule 4:
At the time of (indication of time) থাকলে when + clause + clause / clause + When + clause হবে।
Example:
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was abroad.
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.
Rule 5:
In spite of/ despite থাকলে though/although + clause + clause হবে।
Example:
Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.
Rule 5:
Without + v1(ing) থাকলে if + clause + clause. / clause + unless + clause হবে।
Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this match.
Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself.
Rule 7:
Too . . (an adjective) . . too থাকলে clause + so . .(the adjective). . that + clause হবে।
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
Complex to Simple এর জন্য নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে -
A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence. একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে । Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না। In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.
Rule 1:
Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2:
যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3:
যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.
Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.
Rule 4:
যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.
Rule 5:
যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.
কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।
Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.
যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.
Rule 6:
Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Rule 7:
যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.
Rule 8:
যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too weak to come.
Rule 9:
যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়। Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
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